bti225

BTI225 - Week 10

Suggested Readings

HTML5 Forms

Up to this point, most of our web pages have been read-only from the point of view of a user. Users could read, view, watch, or listen to content on the page, and maybe interact with it via JavaScript events or CSS. However, we haven’t given our users a way to share data with us.

HTML provides a mechanism to overcome this problem using forms. Forms provide users a method of entering data on a web page. This data could be used directly in the page (e.g., change display options), or could be sent on to a web server (e.g., logging into a site, adding data to a database).

Every time we log-in, purchase items at an online store, or perform a search, we are using forms.

<form>, <input>, and other Form markup

An HTML form is created using special markup and a number of special-purpose elements. The browser provides the user with custom components for entering, modifying, or even uploading data to be associated with our form. We’ll begin by learning how to create, use, and style these form elements, and later look at how to work with the data programmatically in JavaScript.

The most important element for creating web forms <form>. A <form> element represents a section of a web page that contains interactive controls that a user can use to enter and submit data to the web page or server. The <form> element is a special type of container element, which we use to define information about how to send the user’s data to a server:

<form id="data" action="/submit" method="post">

</form>

The <form>’s action attribute defines the URL where the data should be sent when submitted. In this case /submit really means “send this data to the same web server as the page was served from, and to the /submit route”. Sometimes you’ll also use action="#" to indicate that the form is to be processed in the browser, but not sent to any server URL.
The method tells the browser which HTTP method to use when submitting the data to the URL defined in action. By default this will be GET, and all form options will be sent as query string values on the URL. When submitting a lot of form data, we can also use POST, which will include the information in the request’s headers instead, allowing more content to be sent (i.e., URLs have a maximum length).

A <form> contains various elements that make up the set of inputs and widgets available to the user. The most common type of input control is the <input> element.

An <input> element represents an interactive form control used to accept data from the user. There are dozens of different types of input controls, with new ones still be added. Here’s a basic <input> element for a user to enter their name in a textbox:

<input id="name" type="text" name="first-name">

The <input> element is used to tell the browser we want an input control to be created on the page. Notice that <input> elements are empty (i.e., no content) and don’t have a closing tag. All of the information is stored in attributes on the element. As with all HTML elements, it’s common (but not required) for an <input> control to have an id attribute, which uniquely identifies this control. In addition, we also specify a name="first-name" attribute, which is used later to associate the value entered by the user with the particular control on the form–in this case, the value entered by the user will be called first-name when the form gets processed. Finally, we have a type="text" attribute, indicating that this form control should be rendered in the page as a textbox.

There are many more form elements, attributes, and input types to learn. Let’s continue by looking at some well-known, real-world examples of forms and how they are built.

Our first example is perhaps the most popular form on the web:

Google's search form

Here’s a simplified version of the HTML Google uses to create that form (if you want to see the original, open your browser’s dev tools on the Google home page and inspect the elements yourself):

<form id="tsf" class="tsf nj" action="/search" method="GET" name="f">
    <input name="source" type="hidden" value="hp">
    <input value="qIXxW6O0FeTMjwT1zpioCA" name="ei" type="hidden">
    <input class="gLFyf gsfi" maxlength="2048" name="q" type="text" title="Search">
    <input value="Google Search" name="btnK" type="submit">
    <input value="I'm Feeling Lucky" name="btnI" type="submit">
</form>

Let’s examine this code for a moment and try to understand what’s happening.

First, notice that all of the input controls (i.e., the search text box and both buttons), are grouped together inside a <form></form> element.

The <form> element has a number of attributes, some we’ve seen before (id, class), and others are new:

The <form> element then contains a number of elements that represent form input controls. Google uses the most common form control, <input>, to build the form, creating three different kinds of form controls:

  1. Hidden Input Controls: <input name="source" type="hidden" value="hp"> and <input value="qIXxW6O0FeTMjwT1zpioCA" name="ei" type="hidden"> - these are hidden form controls. They won’t be visible to the user, but allow for extra information to be stored in a value that will get submitted with the form. Think of these hidden controls as variables. In this case, Google is storing information about the fact that we’re doing our search from the Home Page (name="source" value="hp") and also including a special timestamp (value="qIXxW6O0FeTMjwT1zpioCA" name="ei") indicating when this query was made. In both cases the name and value attributes are used to indicate key/value pairs in the form data.
  2. Text Input Control: <input class="gLFyf gsfi" maxlength="2048" name="q" type="text" title="Search"> - this is a text input form control. This control gets rendered as a textbox in the browser, which the user can focus and enter text with the keyboard. The default type of a form control is text. As we discussed above, all <input> elements need a name attribute to uniquely identify the value. In this case the name is q, short for query, and there is no defined value, since the user will provide it. Also note the use of the maxlength="2048" attribute, which tells the browser not to let the user type more than 2,048 characters in this textbox.
  3. Submit Button Controls: <input value="Google Search" name="btnK" type="submit"> and <input value="I'm Feeling Lucky" name="btnI" type="submit"> - these are submit form controls, which literally submit (upload) the <form>’s data using the HTTP method to the action URL.

If I enter some some text in the textbox, cat pictures, and click the Google Search submit button, my browser submits the form to /search as a GET request, encoding all the values in the form into query string values on the URL:

https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=qIXxW6O0FeTMjwT1zpioCA&q=cat+pictures&btnK=Google+Search

If we break that URL apart, we notice the following:

We could have manually entered that URL and gotten our search results. However, by using a <form> and submitting via a GET request, the browser has created it for us.

Form Example 2: My Seneca Login

Our second example is well known to Seneca students: the login form on https://my.senecacollege.ca:

mySeneca Login Form

Here’s a simplified version of the HTML used to create it:

<form action="/webapps/login" method="POST" name="login">
    <label for="user_id">Username</label>
    <input id="user_id" type="text" name="user_id" size="25" maxlength="50">

    <label for="password">Password</label>
    <input id="password" type="password" name="password" autocomplete="off" size="25">

    <input id="entry-login" type="submit" class="button expand" value="Login" name="login">
    <input type="hidden" name="action" value="login">
    <input type="hidden" name="new_loc" value="">
</form>

This does many similar things to Google’s search form, so let’s focus on the differences.

First, this form uses a new HTML element, <label>, to add a text label to the two textboxes. Each label is a caption of text that gets associated with an <input> control by specifying a for="..." attribute that links it to the id of the correct control. We see two instances of this, one for Username, which connects with the user_id input control, and Password for password.

Second, the user_id input control is of type text, but it specifies both size="25" and maxlength="50". This tells the browser to render a textbox that can display 25 characters, and to not allow the user to enter any characters beyond 50.

Third, the password input control is not of type text, but rather password. This tells the browser to render a textbox, but hide the characters the user enters. In a desktop browser this might mean using * for every character; in a mobile browser this might mean that each character is shown for a second, and then replaced by a •. The password control also specifies size="25 to indicate that users shouldn’t be able to type (or paste) more than 25 characters. The autocomplete="off" attribute is used as a hint to the browser that it shouldn’t try and automatically fill-in the password field. Most browsers ignore this request, since password managers have become so common.

Finally, notice that the <form> uses method="POST" instead of GET, and action="/webapps/login". This means that when we submit the <form>, the data will be POSTed to https://my.senecacollege.ca/webapps/login/. A POST differs from a GET in that the form data will be encoded and included in the body of the HTTP request instead of the URL. If I try to login with a username of john and a password of 123, here’s a simplified version of the HTTP request that gets sent to the web server:

Host: my.senecacollege.ca
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 59

action=login&login=Login&new_loc=&password=123&user_id=john

Notice the Content-Type is set to be application/x-www-form-urlencoded, which means we’re submitting form data. Also notice that the body of the request (everything after the blank line), is our form data in the form name=value with each one separated by a & symbol.

Notice too how the password I entered is being sent in plain text! Even though the browser masked the password when I entered it in the password control, it ends up being sent to the server without being encrypted or altered in anyway. This is important to understand, both as a user and developer, since you only want to submit sensitive form data to secure origins (i.e., using https).

Form Example 3: Twitter Email Notification Settings

Let’s look at another, somewhat more complex form, this time from Twitter’s settings:

Twitter Email Notification Form

Here’s a simplified version of the HTML used to create it:

<form id="notifications-form" method="POST" action="/settings/email_notifications/update">
    <fieldset class="control-group">
        <legend class="control-label">Email me when</legend>
        <label class="t1-label checkbox">
            <input type="checkbox" value="1" id="send_network_activity_email" name="user[send_network_activity_email]" disabled="">
            You have new notifications.
            <a href="https://support.twitter.com/articles/127860#tweet-activity" target="_blank" class="learn-more" rel="noopener">Learn more.</a>
        </label>
        <input type="hidden" value="0" name="user[send_network_activity_email]" disabled="">
        <label class="t1-label checkbox">
            <input type="checkbox" value="1" id="send_new_direct_text_email" name="user[send_new_direct_text_email]" disabled="">You're sent a direct message
        </label>
        <input type="hidden" value="0" name="user[send_new_direct_text_email]" disabled="">
        <label class="t1-label checkbox">
            <input type="checkbox" value="1" id="send_shared_tweet_email" name="user[send_shared_tweet_email]" checked="" disabled="">Someone emails a Tweet to you
        </label>
        <input type="hidden" value="0" name="user[send_shared_tweet_email]" disabled="">
    </fieldset>

    <hr>

    <fieldset class="control-group">
        <legend class="control-label">Email you with</legend>
        <label class="t1-label checkbox">
            <input type="checkbox" value="4" id="network_digest_schedule" name="user[network_digest_schedule]" disabled="">Top Tweets and Stories
        </label>
        <label class="t1-label">
        <span class="u-hiddenVisually">Preference</span>
        <select class="t1-select preference-dropdown" disabled="">
            <option value="1">Sent daily</option>
            <option value="3">Sent weekly</option>
            <option value="4" selected="selected">Sent periodically</option>
        </select>
        </label>
        <input type="hidden" value="0" name="user[network_digest_schedule]" disabled="">

        <label class="t1-label checkbox">
            <input type="checkbox" value="3" id="performance_digest_schedule" name="user[performance_digest_schedule]" checked="" disabled="">Updates about the performance of your Tweets
        </label>
        <input type="hidden" value="0" name="user[performance_digest_schedule]" disabled="">
    </fieldset>
</form>

This form doesn’t have any controls where the user types text. Instead, it uses interactive checkboxes and dropdown menus. It also introduces some more new form elements to create sub-groups of options in a larger form. Let’s once again focus on what’s new.

The first thing we see is that the form is grouped into two sets of controls. This is achieved through the use of the <fieldset> container element. The <legend> element provides a caption for the groupings, “Email me When” vs. “Email you with”.

Next we see a new type of <input> being used in order to create a checkbox:

<input type="checkbox" value="1" id="send_network_activity_email" name="user[send_network_activity_email]" disabled="">

In this case the checkbox is toggled on, and value="1" represents this in HTML. It’s not being done in this case, but often a checkbox will use the checked attribute to indicate that the checkbox is checked, and value to specify what data will be submitted with the form (it doesn’t have to be 1 or 0, but could be any string). This checkbox also includes the disabled attribute, indicating that while it is visible, it can’t currently be changed. In this case, the user would have to enable email settings for this control to become alterable.

In addition to using multiple checkbox controls, this form also uses a dropdown menu of options:

<select class="t1-select preference-dropdown" disabled="">
    <option value="1">Sent daily</option>
    <option value="3">Sent weekly</option>
    <option value="4" selected="selected">Sent periodically</option>
</select>

The dropdown is created using a mix of <select> and <option> elements. The <select> is a container for all the various possible options in the list. Each option is defined via an <option>, which specifies a value (the data that will be sent when the form is submitted), and the text to display. By including selected="selected" on one of options, the browser will show that value as the chosen value when the page loads.

Here’s another form that introduces a few more concepts:

Airbnb search form

And the simplified HTML used to create it:

<form id="MagicCarpetSearchBar" action="/s">
    <label class="_rin72m" for="magic-carpet-koan-search-bar">WHERE</label>
    <input type="text" class="_1wl3axt0" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" spellcheck="false" id="Koan-magic-carpet-koan-search-bar__input" name="query" placeholder="Anywhere" value="">
    
    <label class="_rin72m" for="checkin_input">CHECK IN</label>
    <input type="text" class="_14fdu48d" id="checkin_input" name="checkin" placeholder="dd-mm-yyyy" value="" readonly="">
    
    <label class="_rin72m" for="checkout_input">CHECK OUT</label>
    <input type="text" class="_14fdu48d" id="checkout_input" name="checkout" placeholder="dd-mm-yyyy" value="" readonly="">
    
    <label class="_rin72m" for="lp-guestpicker">GUESTS</label>
    <button class="_1nil34o" type="button">Guests</button>
    
    <button type="submit" class="_2giblnw">Search</button>
</form>

This <form> will be submitted to https://www.airbnb.ca/s using the default GET method (all form data submitted on the URL’s query string) when the submit button is clicked. However, notice how <button> elements have been used instead of <input type="submit">. A <button> can be used anywhere in (or outside of) a form where you need to have a clickable widget. Here two <button>s are being used, one to submit the form, the other to provide a custom entry for the number of guests (clicking the drop-down arrow reveals another form).

Something else that’s new in this form is the use of new <input> attributes:

Another new attribute has been used on the <input> elements to add placeholder text:

placeholder="Anywhere"
...
placeholder="dd-mm-yyyy"

A placeholder is a hint provided to the user about what to enter, or the format. It’s text is not part of the value, and is not sent to the server. The text is usually rendered in a lighter colour, and will disappear when the user starts typing.

Form Example 5: Google Translate

Our next example introduces two more styles of form input controls. Google Translate allows users to enter text in one language and have it get translated by Google’s translation service. There are a number of ways to enter text:

  1. free-form text, which can span many lines Google Translate with textarea

  2. upload a file to be translated

    Google Translate with file upload

Here’s a simplified version of the HTML used to create this form:

<form id="gt-form" action="/" name="text_form" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
    <input type="hidden" id="gt-sl" name="sl" value="auto">
    <input type="hidden" id="gt-tl" name="tl" value="es">
    <input type="hidden" name="js" value="y" id="js">
    <input type="hidden" name="prev" value="_t" id="prev">
    <input type="hidden" name="hl" value="en" id="hl">
    <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="UTF-8">
    
    <textarea id="source-is" name="text-is" disabled="" dir="ltr" spellcheck="false" autocapitalize="off" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" class="goog-textarea short_text" wrap="SOFT"></textarea>
        
    <input type="file" name="file" id="file" size="40">
</form>

Once again, a <form> defines where and how to submit the user’s data, and includes various hidden controls that set default values for things like language choice. However, notice that a new enctype has been used: enctype="multipart/form-data". This is done because whole files are being included beyond the usual form values.

What’s new this time are the inclusion of a <textarea> and <input type="file">.

A <textarea> is used to create a multi-line text editing control. In this case it allows us to enter many lines of text. A <textarea> has numerous attributes that can be used to set things like the number of rows or cols (columns) to display, and how to wrap the text–here soft is used to indicate that we want the lines to be broken in the browser, but the text should not include CR+LF end of line pairs.

The <input type="file"> control allows a user to Browse... for files (or folders) to upload. On the page a file upload control is displayed as a button, which when clicked opens a File dialog box, allowing the user to navigate to their chosen file(s). The files are then “uploaded” to the web page, before being included in the form submission and sent to the server.

Leverage the Platform: the right control

Before we look at styling, and think about custom UI, it’s a good idea to remind ourselves about the built-in controls the web platform offers. A textbox is often our first choice, but make sure you pick the most appropriate input control type for the data you’re expecting:

The list goes on, and it’s worth familiarizing yourself with everything you can use. Many of these controls have special native rendering, especially on mobile devices.

Leverage the Platform: give the browser hints for name and autocomplete

Browsers try to autofill common field information for users. As a web developer, you can improve the user experience of your forms by giving the browser hints about the data you’re expecting for each form input field.

We do this using standard values for the name="..." and autocomplete="..." attributes on a form control. For example, if we needed a username:

<label for="username">Username</label>
<input type="text" name="username" id="username" autocomplete="username">

Or, if we needed a user’s mobile telephone number:

<label for="mobile-num">Mobile Number</label>
<input type="tel" name="mobile" autocomplete="tel" id="mobile-num">

There’s a long list of standard name/autocomplete values that browsers know about and you should use whenever you want to help the user enter less information.

Other <input> Attributes

We’ve already seen many attributes that can be used with <input> controls, but there are some other important ones to know about:

Forms and CSS

HTML forms have evolved and improved significantly in HTML5 and modern browsers. As you learn how to create and style your own forms, be aware that many resources give outdated advice, or use unnecessary workarounds and tricks to create functionality that is now built into the web.

Form controls use the CSS box model, but each one applies it slightly differently. This can make it hard to align everything. We can make things easier by altering our controls’ box-sizing to use border-box, where the width and height also include the controls content, padding, and border. This helps to even out the inconsistencies between different controls and their sizes:

/* Example: make all controls 150px wide */
input, textarea, select, button {
  width : 150px;
  margin: 0;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

When working with <label>s and <span>s in forms, it’s common to need to specify their width and height, so that they properly align with other controls in the form. By default these controls are displayed as inline elements, but we can instead use display: inline-block; to add a width and height to an inline element.

label {
    display: inline-block;
    width: 100px;
    text-align: right;
}

CSS Selectors and Forms

There are a number of CSS selectors that are useful when working with forms.

An attribute selector allows us to match on the basis of either:

For example, consider the following:

/* Style submit input controls */
input[type="submit"] {
    border: 2px solid #ccc;
}

Another useful selector type are the various sibling selectors:

/* Style all <input> elements that are direct siblings of a <label> */
label+input {
    ...
}

/* Style all <input> elements that are siblings (direct or indirect) of a <label> */ 
label~input {
    ...
}

Finally, a range of pseudo-selectors can be added to other elements/selectors to specify the state of a form control:

Form CSS Example

In this in-class example we’ll create a simple HTML form and then style it using CSS.

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